The biggest trends in content and tech: CTO interview

Thomas Sigdestad is the CTO and co-founder of Enonic, a Norwegian software company offering content management and platform services in one. Having over 20 years of experience from the industry, Thomas has seen trends come and go.

As we’re living in an age of digital transformation, trends are now moving faster than ever. Without further ado, we have asked Thomas what he perceives as the biggest trends in content and technology in the foreseeable future.

1. ContentOps

Hi Thomas. Let’s start softly, with news for the content editors. What do you think is the number one trend for content management today?

Hi, and thank you for having me. In the digital experience industry we’re starting to think differently about content. Digital is becoming increasingly fragmentary due to an unlimited number of devices and channels to consume content, and the production methods should reflect this. The reuse of content is a fundamental issue in this regard, but then the question arises of producing content for a headless world.

So, the number one trend for digital content today must be content operations, or ContentOps for short. This is a set of content production principles that aim to fill the gap between strategy and delivery, bringing people, processes, and technology together. The main point is to create quality content that is efficient, repeatable, and scalable. In other words: a content production method fit for reuse and headless delivery.

At Enonic, we have for instance implemented an “issue tracker.” Issues span the content process from idea to publishing, helping the content team track items and progress from start to finish.

2. Content first

I can see that the treatment of content is growing in importance across the industry, from the small blogs to the giant digital experience platforms. Is this a correct assumption?

Definitely. What we see more and more often is what I call a “content first” approach. Virtually all serious vendors are now modelling content for reuse, thinking content first and presentation later. Atomic content design is a content management principle worth mentioning here. According to this principle, structured content should be broken down into its smallest meaningful parts, ready to be reused in larger contexts via metadata.

Content first is in many ways as old as data modelling itself. The major difference is that editorial content is more dynamic and faster changing than traditional application data.

Don’t miss: Atomic content design: interview with Eirik Hafver Rønjum »

3. Headless CMS and content hubs

With all the focus on content and cloud, it is impossible not to mention headless CMS.

True. Headless CMS is becoming the preeminent tool to practice content first and distributing your content from one source. Headless CMS represents the contrast to page-oriented CMSs, and traditional web pages. With headless, you focus on structured content, and the ability to distribute to any channel via APIs, potentially making it a content hub. We should not forget that most Headless CMSs are also delivered as a service, taking away another level of complexity as well.

The headless trend is mainly driven by apps and developers. In terms of editorial content, apps primarily require access to structured information like FAQs, articles, and similar. 

Editors should pay close attention to this trend, as developers may push hard to use the headless approach, even when it is not the right tool for the job. Traditional websites, with URL handling, navigation, and landing pages are such examples. In these cases, the developer might even introduce different tools for each of the above requirements. Even if the developer is happy, the result may be an unmanageable solution from the editor’s point of view.

Within the headless domain, the choice of API matters—like GraphQL vs. REST. GraphQL is in my opinion far superior to the RESTful approach. It is structured, self-documenting, and supports highly optimised ways of retrieving data. GraphQL simply makes the life of the front-end developer better.

Talking about trends, history has a tendency of repeating itself. The very first CMS we released back in 2001 can be considered a pioneer in the world of headless. It offered structured content, folders, and remote API access—using a Java RPC client.

4. Hybrid CMS

Can you also discuss the relationship between headless and hybrid CMS?

Indeed, headless vs. hybrid is probably one of the most fundamental questions when considering a new CMS or digital platform today.

A pure headless CMS intentionally strips away much control from the editor, typically placing “commodity” features like preview and tree structures beyond reach. In my opinion, a headless CMS is optimal when your use-case is strictly defined and the need for advanced functionality, editorial control, and security is limited.

In addition to creating channel agnostic and reusable content, most organisations still need to handle traditional web content. Frequently, we actually need both.

Hybrid CMS brings you the best of both worlds: Content first and headless delivery, seamlessly paired with everything you love about traditional CMS. Put shortly, a hybrid CMS continues where a headless CMS ends. It also reduces the amount of tools you have to integrate and manage on a day to day basis for your digital operations.

Pay attention, in the marketing jungle a hybrid CMS isn’t always what it appears to be. Some vendors offer page-oriented legacy CMSs boot strapped with an API, still positioning themselves as headless / hybrid or decoupled.

To spot the difference between a hybrid CMS and a legacy CMS with an API you should quickly consider the following:

• Can new content types easily be defined and used (like in a headless CMS)?
• Is it content or page oriented? Are we talking content types or page types?
• Does it support rich content models—i.e. references and nested fields?
• Do you get powerful search, preferably down to attribute level on your content?
• Do you get dynamic image delivery with autofocus and cropping?
• And finally, does the traditional web content management features fit smoothly on top of the above model, or is it a duct tape solution?

A hybrid CMS should bring you all the benefits of headless, and then go beyond by supporting URL handling, navigation, landing pages—and perhaps equally important, the ability to deploy custom logic and code when needed.

Our own platform, Enonic XP, is safely placed in the hybrid CMS category. It will be interesting to see if the headless vendors can resist adding more features in this direction as we move forward.

Read more: Headless CMS explained »

5. Server side rendering

What can you tell about the trends within front-end frameworks?

Front-end frameworks, which enable rich interfaces and smooth UX, have seen some massive improvements during the last decade.

This trend comes with a cost, however. Especially in terms of initialisation time, as the browser needs to handle everything, first getting the application, initialising it, and then getting the data. A “loading” animation may be ok for a webapp, but no one wants this on their website. Google has even started punishing your page rank if “time to first interaction” is lagging.

The trick then lies in serving the first request as good old HTML for the instant response, and then handing over further interactivity to the front-end framework. 

The result is that the good old server-side rendering (SSR) of pages is back—with a twist. Your back-end must now support processing of front-end framework templates and code. As these frameworks essentially are JavaScript driven, your legacy Java / .net / PHP CMS will likely have a hard time supporting it.

We predicted this trend early. We made JavaScript a first class citizen of Enonic XP, enabling SSR and reuse of code on both front-end and back-end. We also provide best practice starter kits like React4XP.

6. Static site generators

Talking about performance. The web started with simple HTML text files. Is this somehow returning with the so-called static site generators?

Indeed. Static site generators (SSGs) represent an alternative to server-side rendering (SSR), where the rendering is done once, and then published. Both have their advantages and disadvantages.

What we see today is actually the third wave of SSGs. The advantage lies in using flat files. These can be distributed globally with super fast performance and fewer problems with peak traffic.

The downside of SSGs is of course that they’re static. You have to regenerate and publish your entire site for every little change—almost like program code. The time it takes increases with the number of pages you need to generate. Also, for most websites and applications you will still need to handle back-end servers, i.e. for searching, transactions, or accessing restricted information.

The new SSGs are smart and flexible, not to mention tightly integrated with the popular front-end frameworks. They are easily capable of collecting data from different sources like content hubs, and typically offer a vast set of plugins.

One of the highest trending SSGs today is GatsbyJS. At Enonic we already offer a GatsbyJS plugin that works seamlessly with our headless API.

7. Progressive Web Apps

Speaking of web and front-end frameworks, how does applications fit into the equation?

Oh yes. We must not forget to talk about the biggest trend in the application landscape: Progressive web apps! If you want to be future-oriented in the delivery of your content and services, PWAs are the future for applications, and they work on every platform.

What’s great about PWAs is that they fuse the best of web and apps. URLs, no installation process or downloads, starts immediately, no app stores needed, etc. Done properly, you cannot see the difference between a PWA and a native application after it has been started. There are still areas that require a native app, but the list is getting smaller by the day.

At Enonic we have worked with PWAs for years, and have even built an open-source PWA for all the foosball players out there. Office league runs on Enonic XP, and is free for everyone to use!

Learn more: The state of Progressive Web Apps »

8. Design systems

The reuse of content is a clear trend. Can you give your thoughts on design systems in this regard?

Sure. A design system is a framework to build and reuse components and design across several channels. Needless to say, design systems are an extremely popular trend. If done right, you can make it a lot easier to have a consistent user experience and design across all your channels and devices. And who wouldn’t want that?

Design systems don’t only pertain to visual elements, as you can put your design into code. Design systems therefore encompass CSS, design guidebooks, and even reusable code. The bottom line is that design systems are better for the user and are better to save both time and money.

Finally, modern front-end frameworks enable developers to compile every aspect of a design system into code. Making it easier to consistently produce the same result across all your digital touchpoints.

9. GDPR and the customer data platform

With GDPR, privacy awareness has exploded, and is on every lip. How should content practitioners relate to this?

Many CMSs are collecting data and building user profiles, creating new silos and privacy issues. A customer data platform (CDP) is a type of packaged software that creates a unified customer database accessible across all systems in your organisation, including the CMS. Data is sourced from multiple locations, cleaned and combined to create an aggregated view on the customer. With a CDP you get fewer silos and fewer systems that need to speak to each other.

CDPs are essentially designed for large organisations with many systems. Not only do you get the data needed to create relevant personalisation and content, you also get control over privacy issues. With syndicated customer profiles, you and your customers may get instant access to this information when needed.

As such, a properly implemented CDP will give you a greater peace of mind in relation to GDPR and friends, while also providing better communication and trust with your customers.

Believe it or not, this is an area I’m passionate about. I am co-chair in the team that created the Customer Data Platform specification—aiming to simplify integrations between CDPs and other systems. Right now we are implementing the standard’s API on top of the world’s only open-source CDP, Apache Unomi. At Enonic, we are also planning to offer CDP as an integrated part of our Experience Cloud.

10. Edge computing

Can you also give your thoughts on the importance of speed and so-called edge computing?

One of the chief concerns of Google today is the speed of websites, a scoring factor which has been prominently included in their Lighthouse tool. Efforts to increase speed include JAMstack, Gatsby, and edge computing.

What is edge computing, you ask? Let’s say you have a website in the UK. When you visit this site while being in the same region, a server is started and you can fetch data fast. But, a visitor sitting in Singapore may experience a slower connection as he is far away from the same server. This problem has traditionally been solved by content delivery networks. CDN vendors thus have servers all around the world and automatically retrieve an IP address closer to the end user.

Cloudflare is an example of this. They cache files on a local server and perform proxy caching. These actions can be a form of edge computing, but not necessarily. You see, edge computing is all about executing code on this edge, the local server.

An example of edge computing can be personalisation. A form of communication can happen closer to the user and relieve the core servers. Sometimes you can be proactive and push your files to the local servers first, and the processing out there constitutes edge computing. In all this you have to find a balance: What shall be run on the server, what shall run on the edge, and what shall run in the browser?

See also: Leverage content operations in your organisation »

11. Digital experience stack

Finally, what do you think will bring all these trends together?

There’s been an increased amount of talks about “digital experience stacks” (DES) in the industry. This trend amounts to delivering modern digital experiences through many services, not only through a single platform from one vendor in one place. In many ways, this can be seen as a summary of all the other trends.

Something which is more pressing than ever is that the solution frameworks and the complexity in our workings are larger than ever. Coupled with this is a new JavaScript paradigm, performance needs, control needs, reuse of content, and all the other trends we have spoken about.

This leads us straight to digital experience stacks, which is about using the tools that are right for you and stacking them correctly. A DES can be highly customised for your specific needs, but this presupposes that you choose the tools carefully. Remember that each new tool is a “burden” to maintain and operate.

In Enonic we work with this approach. We aim to give customers the most central tools to succeed, we work by content first principles, and offer a hybrid CMS that lets our customers create and consume content and services across channels.

Thank you, Thomas, for taking time to speak about these trends.

You’re welcome.